APA (American Psychological Association)

Please see the official APA website for more details.
http://www.apastyle.org/

In-text Citations

In APA format, you should cite within a text rather than using footnotes or endnotes.

If it’s a direct quote, use a bracket, the author’s last name, a comma, the letter p followed by a period, the page number, and then close the bracket. Double-check the punctuation inside the brackets. If the quote finishes the sentence, put the period after the citation.

(Doe, p. 48).

If it’s an indirect quote where the speaker is already mentioned by name, you can just use the page number.

(p. 48).

If the author of the quote isn’t known, use the title of the text instead. Identify the title using italics, underlining, or quotation marks, as appropriate.

(The Basics of Writing, p. 175).

Bibliography

Here are a few basics for an APA bibliography. Remember to watch for small details like punctuation.

Books

Author Lastname, Firstname. (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher.

Doe, Jane. (2001) The Book. Springfield: Printer Press.

If works by the same author are published in the same year, arrange alphabetically by title and add a letter after the year as indicated below

Doe, J. (2001a). The Book. Springfield: Printer Press.

Doe, J. (2001b). The Book II. Springfield: Printer Press.

If there are between two and six authors, use an ampersand.

Doe, Jane, & Smith, John, & Doe, John. The Book. Springfield: Printer Press, 2001. Print.

If there are more than six authors, use et al.

Doe, Jane, et al. The Book. Springfield: Printer Press, 2001. Print.

E-book

Provide the doi number (Digital Object Identifier) or an URL. The doi is preferable to the URL. Author Lastname, Firstname. (Year). Title of book. doi: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Doe, J. J. (2001). The Book. doi: 10.1007/0-387-28698-5

Doe, J. J. (2001). The Book. Retrieved from www.thebook.com

Newspaper Article (Print)

Use p. for single pages and pp. for more than one page.

Author Lastname, Firstname. (Year, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper, page number(s).

Doe, Jane J. (2001, February 18). “The History of Writing”. The Daily News, pp.12-13.

Article in a Web Magazine

Author Lastname, Firstname. (Year, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper, page number(s). Retrieved from http://newspaper homepage address

Doe, Jane. (2001, February 18). The History of Writing. The Daily News, pp. 4-5. Retrieved fromwww.thedailynews.com.

Dictionary or Encyclopedia (Print)

Author Lastname, Firstname. (Year). Title of entry. In Editor, B.B. (Ed.), Title of dictionary or encyclopedia. (p. page number). Location: Publisher.

Doe, J.J. (2001) The History of Writing. In Smith, J. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Writing. (pp. 194 – 399). Springfield: Writing Academy.

Dictionary/Encyclopedia (Online)

Provide the DOI number (Digital Object Identifier) or an URL. The DOI is preferable to the URL. Author Lastname, Firstname. (Year). Title of entry. In Editor, B.B. (Ed.), Title of dictionary/encyclopedia. (p. page number). doi: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx OR Retrieved from URL

Doe, J.J. (2001) The History of Writing. In Smith, J. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Writing. (pp. 37-92). Retrieved from www.writing.com.

Dissertation or Thesis (Print)

Author Lastname, Firstname. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation OR master's thesis). Name of University, Location.

Doe, Jane. (2001) The Social Repercussions of Plagiarism (Master’s thesis). University of Springfield, Springfield.

Dissertation or Thesis (Online)

If found through an Article Index, include the name of the database and give the accession or order number in parentheses at the end of the entry. If found on the internet, include the URL. Author Lastname, Firstname. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral dissertation OR master's thesis). Available from Name of Database. (accession or order number)

Doe, Jane. (2001) The Social Repercussions of Plagiarism (Master’s thesis). (Document ID 1865749061)